STUDY CONCERNING THE MONITORING OF PARTICULATE MATTER PM 2 , 5 AND PM 10 IN THE LIBRARY OF “ VASILE ALECSANDRI ” UNIVERSITY OF BACAU

Abstract: Air pollution is a problem both for outdoor as well for indoor environment (working environment). The work environment is represented by ambient where the worker operates and includes the physical environment and on other part the social environment. This paper presents the results of measurements for particulate matter (PM2,5 and PM10) in a closed environment, respectively the library of “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau. The measurement for particulate matter PM2,5 and PM10 in the library was performed in seven halls: two deposits for old books, two deposits for new books, newspaper deposit, reading room and computer room. After accomplishing the measurements, were established the points where the admissible limit values have been exceeded for particulate matter PM2,5 and PM10, according to law. Thus, it is observed that the permissible values were not exceeded for either PM2,5 and PM10 particulate matter in any sampling points.


INTRODUCTION
Dates from specialized literature and from the reports of the European Environment Agency shows that air pollution is a major environmental problem, both as frequency and scale of the phenomenon, as well as other environmental interference, which leads to synergistic effects threatening global environmental quality and longterm human health at the same time [1][2][3].
Among the many pollutants, particulate matter (PM) is one of the most dangerous contaminants from the air.Particulate matters have a wide range of sizes and variable composition [4].
In the last decades a detailed attention was given to the impact of particulate matter on human health, at the moment continuing to be an aspect of broad national and international interest [1,2,5].In this context, many studies have confirmed that the exposure to outdoor particulate matter contributes to both mortality and morbidity.Short-term exposure to particulate matter determines of diseases such as cardiovascular disease or acute respiratory [5][6][7].An analysis conducted at European Union level showed that long-term exposure to low concentrations of particulates can cause cancer and premature death [2].
Studies in the field have shown that particulate matter affect, besides human health, water, soil, vegetation, crops, animals, visibility, weather, climate, manufactured materials, etc. [2,4].Researches on the impact of particulate matter on human health are found for both open environments (residential and industrial areas, agricultural sector and traffic exposed sites) and closed environments (homes, restaurants, workplaces, study spaces, office, store, vehicle) as well.A particular attention is paid to the impact of particulate matter in closed environments [6][7][8].
In Romania permissible limit values for particulate matter in closed environments are regulated by Government Decision no. 1 of 4 January 2012 for the amendment and completing Government Decision no.1218/2006 regarding the minimum requirements for the safety and health at work for the protection of workers from risks related to chemical agents as well as amending Government Decision no.1093/2006 establishing minimum health and safety requirements to protect workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens or mutagens at work and Government Decision no.355/2007 regarding workers' health surveillance [9].
Also very important is the study of the impact of particulate matter on cultural heritage buildings such as museums, art galleries, libraries or archives.Studies have shown that particulate matter, regardless of their size, is particularly harmful to art because they can cause degradation [10].It was thus found that particulates can cause dirt or dark areas from inside the cultural heritage buildings.Particles with coarser sizes are abrasive and can damage artwork by mechanical abrasion when they are moved or handled.Fine particles can penetrate the books, thus causing chemical degradation or wetting due to their hygroscopicity [10].Studies carried out by Ludmila et al. have demonstrated that particles can also serve as a nutrient for microorganisms that can cause discoloration and biological activity decomposition.
In the context of the foregoing, this paper aims to determine the degree of air pollution with particulate matter (PM 2,5 și PM 10 ) in a closed environment.Measurements were carried out in 7 halls belonging to the "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau.Knowing the impact of particulate matter is important to protect human health and the environment and the results will help to improve air quality from the inside of the libraries.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
To determine the degree of pollution with particulate matter PM 2,5 and PM 10 in enclosed of workspaces has chosen a location that belongs to "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau, respectively university library.The library of "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau is located on Spiru Haret Street, no. 8, Bacau, Romania.The total area of the library is 993.81 m 2 of which: offices -56.98 m 2 , warehouses -159.60 m 2 , exhibitions rooms -30.80 m 2 , room for disabled person -30.30m 2 , lecture halls and warehouses with free access to collections -473.96m 2 , conference room -87.30m 2 and halls -154.87 m 2 .In the library there are 7 lecture halls and the total number of seats is 489 of which 330 seats in the reading room with free access to collections, 20 seats in room for disabled person, 108 seats in the conference hall and 40 seats in the reading room for foreign languages.
The interior spaces of the library were renovated completely in 2010, and the furniture is supplied of laminated chipboard.The measurements were carried out in May 2014, when in the inside of the library air-conditioning installations where not working.
To determine the amount of particulate matter (PM 2,5 and PM 10 ) from the library of "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau it was used the analyzer for particulate matter DUST TRAK.In Figure 1 is presented the analyzer for particulate matter DUST TRAK from the ambient environment.For the measurement of the quantities of particulate matter PM 2,5 and PM 10 in the library of "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau were chosen 7 halls: an old book deposit -without traffic; a old book deposit -with traffic; a new book deposit -without traffic; a new book deposit -with traffic; a newspaper deposit; a lecture hall; a computer hall; It specifies that the rooms without traffic are rooms with a single entrance where has access only the library staff while traffic rooms have two or more entrance and in these rooms have access the readers.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Particulate matter identified in the library "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau are categorized as "dust without specific effect" and are regulated by Government Decision no. 1 of 4 January 2012.The permissible limit value for these categories of particulate matter (PM 2,5 and PM 10 ) is 10 mg/m 3 .
The values recorded for the quantity of particulate matter PM 2,5 and PM 10 from an old book deposit without traffic in the library of "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau are represented graphically in Table 1 and are plotted in Figure 2.After the achievement of measurements in old book deposit, without traffic it is observed that the permissible values were not exceeded for either PM 2,5 and PM 10 particulate matter in any of the three sampling points: 30 cm away from the shelf, beside the shelf or in process of working with books.
The values of measurements for the quantity of particulate matter PM 2,5 and PM 10 performed in the old book deposit, with traffic (Figure 3) are presented in Table 2 and are plotted Figure 4.The values registered in old book deposit with traffic, in the library "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau show that the limit values regulated by Government Decision no. 1 of 4 January 2012 were not exceeded in none of the three measurement points.
The values registred in new book deposit without traffic (Figure 5) in the library of "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau for the quantity of particulate matter PM 2,5 and PM 10 are represented graphically in Table 3 and are plotted in Figure 6.   30 cm away from the shelf besides shelf working with books 0,0 After the achievement of measurements in new book deposit, without traffic it is observed that the permissible values were not exceeded for either PM 2,5 and PM 10 particulate matter in any of the three sampling points.
The values of measurements performed for particulate matter PM 2.5 and PM10 in the new book deposit, with traffic (Figure 7) in the library "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau are presented in Table 4 and are graphically represented in Figure 8.The permissible values registered for particulate matter (PM 2,5 and PM 10 ) in new book deposit with traffic were not exceeded in any of the three sampling points: 30 cm away from the shelf, beside the shelf or in process of working with books.
The values registered for the quantity of particulate matter PM 2,5 and PM 10 in the newspaper deposit in the library of "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau are represented graphically in Table 5 and are plotted in Figure 9.

Newspapers deposit
The amount of particulate matter PM After the achievement of measurements in newspaper deposit it is observed that the permissible values were not exceeded for either PM 2,5 and PM 10 particulate matter in any of the three sampling points (30 cm away from the shelf, beside the shelf or in process of working with books).
The values of measurements for the quantity of particulate matter PM 2,5 and PM 10 performed in the lecture hall and the computer hall are presented in Table 6 and are plotted Figure 10.

2 .
The graphical representation of the amount of particulate matter PM 2,5 (a) and PM 10 (b) registered in old book deposit -without traffic.
The graphical representation of the amount of particulate matter PM 2,5 (a) and PM 10 (b) registered in old book deposit -with traffic.

Fig. 6 .
The graphical representation of the amount of particulate matter PM 2,5 (a) and PM 10 (b) registered in new book deposit -without traffic.

8 .
The graphical representation of the amount of particulate matter PM 2,5 (a) and PM 10 (b) registered in new book deposit -with traffic.

9 .
from the shelf besides shelf working with newspaper 0The graphical representation of the amount of particulate matter PM 2,5 (a) and PM 10 (b) registered in the newspaper deposit.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.The graphical representation of the amount of particulate matter PM 2,5 (a) and PM 10 (b) registered in the lecture hall and the computer hall.

Table 1 .
The amount of particulate matter registered in the old book deposit -without traffic.

Table 2 .
The amount of particulate matter registered in the old book deposit -with traffic.

Table 3 .
The amount of particulate matter registered in the new book deposit -without traffic.

Table 4 .
The amount of particulate matter registered in the new book deposit -with traffic.

Table 5 .
The amount of particulate matter registered in the newspaper deposit.

Table 6 .
The amount of particulate matter registered in the lecture hall and the computer hall.